I will start with a general motivation for cause-effect estimation and describe common challenges such as identifiability. We will then take a closer look at the instrumental variable setting and how an instrument can help for identification. Most approaches to achieve identifiability require one-size-fits-all assumptions such as an additive error model for the outcome. Instead, I will present a framework for partial identification, which provides lower and upper bounds on the causal treatment effect. Our approach leverages advances in gradient-based optimization for the non-convex objective and works in the most general case, where instrument, treatment and outcome are continuous. Finally, we demonstrate on a set of synthetic and real-world data that our bounds capture the causal effect when additive methods fail, providing a useful range of answers compatible with observation as opposed to relying on unwarranted structural assumptions.